Here's a solution outline for the Clinical Pathology Paper. I’ll provide answers for each question briefly:
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### **Q.1 Describe about preparation and staining of Bone marrow aspirate.**
1. **Preparation**:
- Aspirate collected from sternum/iliac crest using a bone marrow needle under aseptic conditions.
- Smears are made immediately on clean glass slides by gently spreading the sample.
- Fix smears with methanol for 2–3 minutes.
2. **Staining**:
- Use Romanowsky stains like Leishman, Wright, or Giemsa stain.
- Steps:
- Fix slide in methanol.
- Apply stain (e.g., Leishman stain) for 5–10 minutes.
- Add buffer water and mix gently for another 10 minutes.
- Wash off stain, dry slide, and examine under a microscope.
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### **Q.2 Write short notes**
(a) **Coomb’s Test**:
- Detects antibodies bound to red blood cells (RBCs).
- Types:
1. **Direct Coomb's Test**: Detects IgG or complement attached to RBCs in vivo.
2. **Indirect Coomb's Test**: Detects free antibodies in serum.
(b) **Drabkin Solution**:
- Reagent used for hemoglobin estimation.
- Contains potassium cyanide and potassium ferricyanide to convert Hb to cyanmethemoglobin.
(c) **Supra Vital Stains**:
- Stains used for living cells like reticulocytes.
- Examples: Brilliant cresyl blue, new methylene blue.
(d) **Meta Chromatic Stains**:
- Stains that cause substances to appear a different color.
- Example: Toluidine blue (used to identify mast cell granules).
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### **Q.3 Write short notes**
(a) **Semen Examination**:
- Analyzing semen for fertility purposes. Parameters include:
1. Volume, pH, viscosity.
2. Sperm count, motility, and morphology.
3. Liquefaction time.
(b) **LE Cells**:
- Lupus Erythematosus (LE) cells are neutrophils containing ingested nuclear material.
- Seen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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### **Q.4 Discuss Hemoglobin Electrophoresis and its role in detection of Hemoglobinopathies.**
- **Principle**: Separation of hemoglobin variants based on charge under an electric field.
- **Procedure**:
1. Blood hemolysate placed on a medium (cellulose acetate/agar gel).
2. Voltage applied. Hemoglobin moves based on charge differences.
- **Applications**:
- Detect hemoglobinopathies like Sickle Cell Disease (HbS) and Thalassemia.
- Differentiates HbA, HbF, HbS, and HbC.
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### **Q.5 Write short notes**
(a) **Monocytosis**:
- Increase in monocytes (> 8% of total WBCs).
- Causes: TB, chronic infections, autoimmune diseases.
(b) **G-6 PD Estimation**:
- Measures glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in RBCs.
- Deficiency leads to hemolysis under oxidative stress.
(c) **RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)**:
- Measures variation in RBC size.
- High RDW seen in iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia.
(d) **ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)**:
- Measures rate at which RBCs settle in 1 hour.
- Increased in infections, inflammation, and malignancy.
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### **Q.6 Write notes**
(a) **Leishman Stain**:
- Romanowsky stain used for peripheral blood smears.
- Fix slide with methanol, stain with Leishman stain, rinse, and dry.
(b) **Micropipette**:
- Precision instrument for measuring small liquid volumes.
- Types: Fixed volume, variable volume micropipettes.
(c) **ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)**:
- Immunoassay used to detect antigens or antibodies.
- Types: Direct, Indirect, Sandwich, and Competitive ELISA.
(d) **Transfusion Reaction**:
- Adverse reaction to blood transfusion.
- Types: Hemolytic, febrile, allergic, or delayed reactions.
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### **Q.7 Discuss collection, storage, transport, and analysis of body fluids with special reference to CSF.**
1. **Collection**:
- CSF collected via lumbar puncture (L3-L4 interspace).
- Aseptic conditions are mandatory.
2. **Storage**:
- Store in sterile tubes. Analyze immediately for accurate results.
- If delayed, refrigerate or freeze depending on the test.
3. **Transport**:
- Transport in ice or room temperature depending on the parameter being tested.
4. **Analysis**:
- Tests include:
- Physical: Appearance, color, and pressure.
- Chemical: Glucose, proteins.
- Microscopic: Cell count and type.
- Microbiological: Culture for pathogens.
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