old paper solve dmlt

Here's a solution outline for the Clinical Pathology Paper. I’ll provide answers for each question briefly:

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### **Q.1 Describe about preparation and staining of Bone marrow aspirate.**

1. **Preparation**:  

   - Aspirate collected from sternum/iliac crest using a bone marrow needle under aseptic conditions.  

   - Smears are made immediately on clean glass slides by gently spreading the sample.  

   - Fix smears with methanol for 2–3 minutes.  

2. **Staining**:  

   - Use Romanowsky stains like Leishman, Wright, or Giemsa stain.  

   - Steps:  

     - Fix slide in methanol.  

     - Apply stain (e.g., Leishman stain) for 5–10 minutes.  

     - Add buffer water and mix gently for another 10 minutes.  

     - Wash off stain, dry slide, and examine under a microscope.  

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### **Q.2 Write short notes**  

(a) **Coomb’s Test**:  

   - Detects antibodies bound to red blood cells (RBCs).  

   - Types:  

      1. **Direct Coomb's Test**: Detects IgG or complement attached to RBCs in vivo.  

      2. **Indirect Coomb's Test**: Detects free antibodies in serum.  

(b) **Drabkin Solution**:  

   - Reagent used for hemoglobin estimation.  

   - Contains potassium cyanide and potassium ferricyanide to convert Hb to cyanmethemoglobin.  

(c) **Supra Vital Stains**:  

   - Stains used for living cells like reticulocytes.  

   - Examples: Brilliant cresyl blue, new methylene blue.  

(d) **Meta Chromatic Stains**:  

   - Stains that cause substances to appear a different color.  

   - Example: Toluidine blue (used to identify mast cell granules).  

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### **Q.3 Write short notes**  

(a) **Semen Examination**:  

   - Analyzing semen for fertility purposes. Parameters include:  

      1. Volume, pH, viscosity.  

      2. Sperm count, motility, and morphology.  

      3. Liquefaction time.  

(b) **LE Cells**:  

   - Lupus Erythematosus (LE) cells are neutrophils containing ingested nuclear material.  

   - Seen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).  

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### **Q.4 Discuss Hemoglobin Electrophoresis and its role in detection of Hemoglobinopathies.**  

- **Principle**: Separation of hemoglobin variants based on charge under an electric field.  

- **Procedure**:  

   1. Blood hemolysate placed on a medium (cellulose acetate/agar gel).  

   2. Voltage applied. Hemoglobin moves based on charge differences.  

- **Applications**:  

   - Detect hemoglobinopathies like Sickle Cell Disease (HbS) and Thalassemia.  

   - Differentiates HbA, HbF, HbS, and HbC.  

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### **Q.5 Write short notes**  

(a) **Monocytosis**:  

   - Increase in monocytes (> 8% of total WBCs).  

   - Causes: TB, chronic infections, autoimmune diseases.  

(b) **G-6 PD Estimation**:  

   - Measures glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in RBCs.  

   - Deficiency leads to hemolysis under oxidative stress.  

(c) **RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)**:  

   - Measures variation in RBC size.  

   - High RDW seen in iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia.  

(d) **ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)**:  

   - Measures rate at which RBCs settle in 1 hour.  

   - Increased in infections, inflammation, and malignancy.  

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### **Q.6 Write notes**  

(a) **Leishman Stain**:  

   - Romanowsky stain used for peripheral blood smears.  

   - Fix slide with methanol, stain with Leishman stain, rinse, and dry.  

(b) **Micropipette**:  

   - Precision instrument for measuring small liquid volumes.  

   - Types: Fixed volume, variable volume micropipettes.  

(c) **ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)**:  

   - Immunoassay used to detect antigens or antibodies.  

   - Types: Direct, Indirect, Sandwich, and Competitive ELISA.  

(d) **Transfusion Reaction**:  

   - Adverse reaction to blood transfusion.  

   - Types: Hemolytic, febrile, allergic, or delayed reactions.  

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### **Q.7 Discuss collection, storage, transport, and analysis of body fluids with special reference to CSF.**  

1. **Collection**:  

   - CSF collected via lumbar puncture (L3-L4 interspace).  

   - Aseptic conditions are mandatory.  

2. **Storage**:  

   - Store in sterile tubes. Analyze immediately for accurate results.  

   - If delayed, refrigerate or freeze depending on the test.  

3. **Transport**:  

   - Transport in ice or room temperature depending on the parameter being tested.  

4. **Analysis**:  

   - Tests include:  

      - Physical: Appearance, color, and pressure.  

      - Chemical: Glucose, proteins.  

      - Microscopic: Cell count and type.  

      - Microbiological: Culture for pathogens.  

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